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Toxic masculinity is a definition of manhood that is based on the idea that men need to be dominant and violent. This version of manhood dictates that there is such a thing as a “real man” and that he is physically powerful, sexually aggressive, and shows his worth by dominating others. This “real man” suppresses his emotions, has a homophobic aversion to emotional connection and physical affection with other men, and rejects anything remotely “feminine” as weak and inferior. He views gender as a stark binary, women as sexual objects,
The Violence Against Women Act first passed in 1994. The original bill provided for the following:
- Enhanced sentencing for repeat federal sex offenders
- Restitution to victims of certain federal crimes
- Grants for state, local, and tribal law enforcement to investigate and prosecute violent crimes against women.
- Immigration provisions for victims
- Grants for domestic violence and sexual assault prevention, youth education programs, and community organizations providing intervention and prevention programming
- Requirements for the USPS to ensure the locations of shelters remains confidential
- Federal research on violence against women
- Special research